ww1

1.Triple Alliance: was the military alliance among [|Germany], [|Austria–Hungary], and [|Italy] that lasted from 1882[|[1]] until the start of [|World War I] in 1914[|[2]]. Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any two other [|great powers], or for Germany and Italy, an attack by [|France] alone. 2.triple entente: was the name given to the alliance between the [|United Kingdom], the [|French Third Republic], and [|Russia] after the signing of the [|Anglo-Russian Entente] in 1907.

3.Archduke Francis Ferdinand:Franz Ferdinand (1863-1914) was born in Graz, Austria. As the heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire his assassination on 28 June 1914 sparked the First World War. Although only third in line to the throne, Franz Ferdinand became the heir-apparent following the death of the Emperor's son, Crown Prince Rudolf in 1889, and his own father Archduke Charles Louis in 1896, [|Franz Josef's] brother.

4.**German IN FULL FRIEDRICH WILHELM VIKTOR ALBERT, German emperor (kaiser) and king of Prussia from 1888 to the end of World War I in 1918, known for his frequently militaristic manner as well as for his vacillating policies.**

5.Nicholas II was born on May 6, 1868, in Tsarskoe Selo. He was delivered by his mother Marie Fyodorovna Romanova, formerly Dagmar, Princess of Denmark. His father Alexander Romanov was an important member of the Russian government.  6.General Alfred von Schlieffen:Alfred von Schlieffen (1833-1913) was the German Field Marshal who, as chief of the general staff from 1891-1905, was responsible for devising the[|Schlieffen Plan], upon which German strategy at the outbreak of the war was unsuccessfully based. Then he died of tb three months after the war started. The schlieeffen Plan It envisaged a rapid German [|mobilization], disregard of the [|neutrality] of [|Luxembourg], [|Belgium] and the [|Netherlands], and an overwhelming sweep of the powerful German right wing southwest through Belgium and Northern France, "letting the last man on the right, brush the Channel with his sleeve,"[|[2]] in the words of Schlieffen, while maintaining only a defensive posture on the central and left wings, in [|Lorraine], the [|Vosges], and the [|Moselle].

7.The Lusitania  was an ocean liner owned by the Cunard Steamship Company, which was based in England. It is most well-known for being sunk by a German [|U-Boat] during the First World War, causing over 1,100 deaths and marking a turning point in the war. At the time it was launched in 1907, the Lusitania  was the largest ship in the world, and set several speed records for Atlantic crossings. It not only greatly improved stock in the Cunard company but it also paved the way for a growing number of large and elaborate ships. I believe the germans were right because they did have arms an amunition.  1.group is a group of people whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage that is real or assumed- sharing cultural 2.also known as the draft, call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary enrollment in the service of a country. **...

3. regard as probable; expect or predict 4. change or cause to change in character or composition, typically in a 5. in the interests of a person, group, or principle // : votes cast by labor unions on behalf of their members. 6. (of a country or its government) prepare and organize (troops) for active service  // : the government mobilized regular forces, reservists, and militia.

1.How did the Lusitania contribute to drawing the United States into World War I? When the //Lusitania// was downed, 1,200 civilians, including 128 Americans, were killed. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) warned Germany that another such incident would force the United States to enter the war. Germany heeded the warning for a time, but later began attacking American cargo ships, forcing the United States to enter the war on the side of the Allies (Serbia, France, Great Britain, Russia, and nineteen other nations).

// 2. What were some of the results of the growth of nationalism in the nineteenth century? of the [|military conflict] which began in central Europe in August 1914, included many intertwined factors, including the conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict. The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the [|July Crisis of 1914], the spark (or [|casus belli]) for which was the [|assassination] of [|Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria] by [|Gavrilo Princip], an [|irredentist] [|Serb].[|[1]] However, the crisis did not exist in a void; it came after a long series of diplomatic clashes between the [|Great Powers] over European and colonial issues in the decade prior to 1914.

//

Time line 1. June-28-1914: The [|assassination on 28 June 1914] of [|Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria], the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, is seen as the immediate trigger of the war, though long-term causes, such as [|imperialistic] foreign policy, played a major role.

2.July-23-1914:    **Austria-Hungary **issues an** ultimatum **to Serbia allowing the Austrians to find out who killed Archduke** Franz Ferdinand**. When Serbia denies** Austria-Hungary **their demands** World War I **is sparked on** July 28**,** **1914** 3.July-28-1914:  **World War I **begins:** Austria-Hungary **declares** war **on** Serbia **after it failed to meet the conditions of an ultimatum it set on** July 23 **following the killing of Archduke** Francis Ferdinand **by a** Serbia**n assassin. This event leads to the outbreak of** war**.**** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;"> 4.August-1-1914:  **//Western Front// **comprises the Franco-German-Belgian front and any military action in Great Britain, Switzerland, Scandinavia and Holland.**
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">


 * 5.August-3-1914:<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Germany sends ultimatum to Belgium demanding free passage for her troops. **//August 3//**,** //1914//**:** ...

7>july -29-1914: <span style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">//**estern Front**// comprises the Franco-German-Belgian front and any military action in Great Britain, Switzerland, Scandinavia and Holland. =**Part 2**=
 * 6.August-4-1914:**World War I**:** Germany **invaded** Belgium**; in response, the** United Kingdom **declares war on** Germany**. The** United States **proclaims neutrality.** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">

=Part 2= Define: propaganda- chiefly derogatory information, esp. of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view <span style="-webkit-dashboard-region: dashboard-region(control rectangle); -webkit-user-select: text; background-color: #0000ff; cursor: text; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">// : // // he was charged with distributing enemy propaganda. // the dissemination of such information as a political strategy <span style="-webkit-dashboard-region: dashboard-region(control rectangle); -webkit-user-select: text; background-color: #0000ff; cursor: text; font-family: Times,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">// : // // the party's leaders believed that a long period of education and propaganda would be necessary. // ,

trench warfare- a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

, war of attrition- a prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scale actions. , suspend- temporarily prevent from continuing or being in force or effect,

submission- the action or fact of accepting or yielding to a superior force or to the will or authority of another person,

assure- tell someone something positively or confidently to dispel any doubts they may have,

total war- war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, esp. one in which the laws of war are disregarded.,

planned economies- an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government..

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 15.6px; line-height: 19px;">Lawrence of Arabia, known professionally as T. E. Lawrence, was a British Army officer renowned especially for his liaison role during the Arab Revolt of 1916–18.

Admiral Holtzendorff, was a German admiral during World War I who became famous for his Dec 1916 memo to Kaiser Wilhelm II about unrestricted submarine warfare against the United Kingdom.

Woodrow Wilson, 28th president of the U.S. 1913–21. A Democrat, he eventually took the U.S. into World War I in 1917 and later played a leading role in the peace negotiations and the formation of the League of Nations.

1. How did the war on the Western Front turn into a stalemate? Problems in communications contributed towards the stalemate because the communications between artillery was very poor.

2. Why did attempts to break through enemy lines rarely work under trench warfare? because the people that were in the trench were almost completely hidden and the troops coming at them were completely open to being hit by gunfire 3. In what ways did the Allies try to widen the war from 1915 to 1918? Militarily and with war production and its assets as the "bread basket" of the world. 4. What was the immediate cause of U.S. entry into World War I? America was a late and reluctant entrant into the Great War. It was thrust into WW-II by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

5. How did World War I affect the lives of women in Western countries? During the war women replaced mens jobs while they were fighting. they were also viewed as important at this time but when the war was over and the men returned, women had to go back to their old jobs like cooking and cleaning. women were also cheaper so people prefered to employ them during WW1

=**Part 3**= Define: soviets, coincide, irrelevant, war communism. Identify: Alexandra, Grigori Rasputin, Alexander Kerensky, Bolshe- viks, V. I. Lenin, Leon Trotsky.

soviets: an elected local, district, or national council in the former USSR. • a revolutionary council of workers or peasants in Russia before 1917. coincide:<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">to occur or exist at the same time

irrelevant:<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">not related, not applicable war communism: Военный коммунизм, 1918 - 1921) was the economic andpolitical system that existed inthe Soviet Russia during theRussian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921. Alexandra:empress of of consort of russia as a spouse of nicholas the 2 Grigori Rasputin : Rasputin, Grigori (Efimovich) (1871–1916), Russian monk. He exertedgreat influence over Tsar Nicholas II and his family during World War I; this influence, combined with his reputation for debauchery,steadily discredited the imperial family, and he was assassinated by agroup loyal to the tsar. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Alexander Kerensky: was a Russianpolitician. He served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government untilLenin was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Sovietsfollowing the October Revolution. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> Bolshe- viks: The **Bolsheviks**, originally also[|[1]] **Bolshevists**[|[2]] ([|Russian]: большевики, большевик (singular) Russian pronunciation: [|[bəlʲʂɨˈvʲik]], derived from //bol'shinstvo//, "majority", which comes from //bol'she//, "more", the comparative form of //bol'shoi//, "big") were a [|faction] of the [|Marxist][|Russian Social Democratic Labour Party] (RSDLP) which split apart from the [|Menshevik] faction[|[3]] at the [|Second Party Congress] in 1903. The Bolsheviks were the majority faction in a crucial vote, hence their name. They ultimately became the [|Communist Party of the Soviet Union].[|[4]] The Bolsheviks came to power in [|Russia] during the [|October Revolution] phase of the [|Russian Revolution of 1917], and founded the [|Soviet Union]. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> V. I. Lenin:<span style="font-family: Baskerville,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">was a Russianrevolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of theBolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917–1924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and workedto create a socialisteconomic system. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Leon Trotsky:, Russian revolutionary; born //Lev Davidovich Bronshtein//. He helped to organize the October Revolution with Leninand built up the Red Army. Expelled from the party by Stalin in 1927, he was exiled in 1929. He settled in Mexico in 1937, where he was later murdered by a Stalinist assassin.

1. x<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">ussia's horrific losses on the Eastern Front were a significant factor in precipitating the Revolution. After the Revolution, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk brought Russia's conflict with Germany to an end. Germany was able to re-commit troops and resources from the Eastern Front to France and Belgium. By this time however, the United States had entered the war on the side of Britain and France, more than compensating for the loss of Russia. SO HOW DID THE REVOLUTION AFFECT THE WAR? ACCORDING TO THIS ANSWER, THE UNITED STATES' INVOLVEMENT MADE THE RESULTS INEVITABLE. 2. Why did Lenin sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">Russian losses in the early stages of WW-1 had reached into the millions. The 1917 Revolution was over and the war was very unpopular. Lenin needed peace at any cost and the concessions he made in this Treaty would be void if the West defeated Germany. It was a win, win, for the Bolsheviks so they signed on 3 March 1918. 3. What was the White Army? What groups made it up?<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Within weeks of the October 1917 Revolution, thousands of tsarist officers and supporters of the Provisional Government began armed resistance against the new regime. The Bolsheviks, who saw the anticommunists as more united than they actually were, named these men "White," a term taken from the reactionary forces during the French Revolution (the communist forces against which the Whites fought were called the Reds). There were, in fact, many disparate White armies, each under its own commander and with its own objectives. They lacked a central authority to coordinate action or policies on the far-flung battlefields of the Civil War. Politically they were just as divided because some White officers were monarchists while others wanted re-establishment of the Provisional Government. In the end the White armies were bound only by a common hatred of the communists and a shared desire to retain the old borders of the Russian Empire.The groups it made up were <span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">hese groups included monarchists, militarists, and, for a short time, foreign nations.

4. Why did the Communists win the civil war in Russia?

March 8,1917:protest March10,1917 :generl strike march 12 1917:duma created march15,1917: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,'Arial Unicode MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23px;">uring the first phase of the Russian Revolution, Tsar Nicholas II is forced to abdicate, thus ending the rule of the **[|Romanov dynasty]**. April 1917: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> lenin revoltution november 6,1917: Bullsheuites seize winter palace march 3,1918:treaty of <span style="font-family: sans-serif,helvetica,sans-serif;">**Bolsheviks july 16,1918: tsar and family executed

lenin 1.civil unrest general strikes 2.provisonal government established 3.csar gone abdicates 4.lenin uses trinity device too take power use soviets too overthrow provincial governments 5.the germans return lenin to russia**


 * - PICTURE GRAPHS ON BOTTOM -- **

PART 4:

concentrate**, direct one's attention on something** consistent**, (<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">sometimes followed by `with') in agreement or consistent or reliable; "testimony consistent with the known facts" ** reparation**, c<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">ompensation (given or received) for an insult or injury; "an act for which there is no reparation" ** clause**, <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">article: a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will) ** mandate**,<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"> document giving an official instruction or command
 * armistice, <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms **

Erich von Ludendorff was a German Army officer, victor of Liège, and, with Paul Von Hindenburg, one of the victors of the battle of Tannenberg. From August 1916 his appointment as General Quartiermeister made him joint head (with von Hindenburg) of Germany's war effort. From this point on he ran Germany's war effort of World War I until his resignation in October 1918. **

Friedrich Ebert **<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> German politician (Social Democratic Party of Germany / SPD), was the first President of Germany in the Weimar Republic. **

David Lloyd George
 * He was a British statesman who was the first Welsh Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the only Prime Minister to have spoken English as a second language, Welsh having been his first. **

Georges Clemenceau He was a French statesman, physician, and journalist. He served as the prime minister of France from 1906-1909 and 1917-1920. For nearly the final year of World War I he led France, and was one of the major voices behind the Treaty of Versailles. He is commonly nicknamed "le Tigre" (the Tiger) and "le Père-la-Victoire" (Father Victory) for his determination as a wartime leader.

<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">