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Vocabulary **Define:** aid**:help, typically of a practical nature** satellite state**: a political term that refers to a country that is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country.** policy of containment**: was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to temper the spread of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect".** occupy**:fill or take up (a space or time)** creation**:the action or process of bringing something into existence** arms race**:a competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons, esp. between the U.S. and the former USSR during the Cold War.** deterrence**:a thing that discourages or is intended to discourage someone from doing something.** administration**:the process or activity of running a business, organization** communications**:the imparting or exchanging of information or news** domino theory**:the theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall.** People and Events Identify**:** Truman Doctrine**:the principle that the U.S. should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by U.S. President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War.**

Dean Acheson**: (April 11, 1893 – October 12, 1971) 1.The United States Secretary of State. 2.He played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War. 3.His most famous decision was convincing Truman to intervene, in June 1950, in the Korean War.**

Marshall Plan**:A program of financial aid and other initiatives, sponsored by the U.S., designed to boost the economies of western European countries after World War II. It was originally advocated by Secretary of State George C. Marshall and passed by Congress in 1948. Official name European Recovery Program.**

NATO**:North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1.An association of European and North American countries, formed in 1949 for the defense of Europe and the North Atlantic against the perceived threat of Soviet aggression. 2.By 2005, the alliance consisted of 26 countries, including several eastern European nations. NATO's purpose is to safeguard member countries by political and military means.**

Warsaw Pact**:A treaty of mutual defense and military aid signed at Warsaw on May 14, 1955. 1. It was made by communist states of Europe under Soviet influence, in response to the admission of West Germany to NATO. 2.The pact was dissolved in 1991.**

SEATO**:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. 1.A defense alliance that existed between 1954 and 1977 for countries of Southeast Asia and part of the southwestern Pacific. 2.It was to further a U.S. policy of containing communism. 3.Its members were Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the U.S.**

CENTO**:Central Treaty Organization 1.It's original name was Middle East Treaty Organization or METO. 2.It was adopted in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. 3.It was dissolved in 1979.** Nikita Khrushchev**:(1894–1971) 1.A Soviet statesman. 2.He came close to war with the U.S. over the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 and also clashed with China. 3.This led to his being ousted by Brezhnev and Kosygin.**


 * < Alliance ||< Members ||
 * < NATO ||< 1.United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. ||
 * < Warsaw Pact ||< 2.Soviet Union, Albania(until 1968), Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany(until 1990), Hungary, Poland, Romania ||
 * < SEATO ||< 3.Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the U.S. ||
 * Cento || 4.Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, UK, U.S. ||

> What was the Marshall Plan? > The **Marshall Plan **(from its enactment, officially the** European Recovery Program**, //ERP//) was the primary program, 1947–51, of the [|United States] for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Western Europe. The initiative was named for [|Secretary of State] [|George Marshall] and was largely the creation of [|State Department] officials, especially [|William L. Clayton] and [|George F. Kennan]. George Marshall spoke of the administration's desire to help European recovery in his address at Harvard University in June 1947.[|[1]] > The reconstruction plan, developed at a meeting of the participating European states, was established on June 5, 1947. It offered the same aid to the [|USSR] and its allies, but they did not accept it.[|[2]][|[3]] The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. During that period some US$13 billion in economic and technical assistance were given to help the recovery of the European countries that had joined in the [|Organization for European Economic Co-operation]. This $13 billion was in the context of a U.S. GDP of $258 billion in 1948, and was on top of $12 billion in American aid to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Plan.[|[4]] > > > Why did the United States and the Soviet Union become involved in an arms race? > Cause they wanted bigger guns > > The Cold War began as World War II was ending. American leaders saw the power and ambitions of the Soviet Union as a threat to our national security. The Cold War was a war of words and ideologies rather than a shooting war, although at times the Cold War turned “hot” as in Korea and Vietnam. Basically, the Cold War was a rivalry between the United States as leader of the western democracies, and the Soviet Union and the nations that were controlled by the communists. As the Soviets continued to develop atomic and nuclear weapons and other military hardware, the US was concerned that a Soviet Military build-up might threaten our military dominance over that nation. It was the policy of the US at that time to contain communism from spreading. In order to contain it, the US had to convince the Soviet Union that our military was stronger than their military. Also, it was necessary to convince the Soviets that should they attack us, our retaliation would destroy their country. > > What was the domino theory? Was it right or wrong? Why? > A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control. > It was right in a sense but also wrong cause that all depends on the mind set of the neighboring countries leaders. > > Explain why the Berlin Wall was built. > After WWII, Germany was divided into two countries, West Germany (a democracy) and East Germany (a communist occupation of the Soviet Union). Berlin was in the middle of East Germany, so it was individually divided for occupation by England, USA, and Russia. As tension built between the non-communist western half of Berlin and the communist eastern half of Berlin, the communists built a wall to keep the people in their half of the city from going over to the other side. > When I visited Berlin in 1973, things were friendly, colorful, and busy like any big city in the democratic side of Berlin, but when I crossed over at Checkpoint Charlie to the communist side, there was no bright colors, people were not as friendly, and no big stores or heavy traffic like I saw on the other side of the wall. > Some people were shot by East German guards for trying to go over the wall to get away from Communist East Berlin.** >
 * QUESTIONS**







During the Cold War period, new military alliances were created. Identify the members of the alliances in the chart below.


 * QUESTIONS**
 * 1) What was the Marshall Plan?
 * 2) Why did the United States and the Soviet Union become involved in an arms race?
 * 3) What was the domino theory? Was it right or wrong? Why?
 * 4) Explain why the Berlin Wall was built.
 * 5) Summarizing Information Use TIMETOAST to list the American presidents who held office during the Cold War and major events related to the Cold War that took place during their administrations. (for this exercise we define COLD WAR as between 1947 and 1991 - include major weapons developments)

PART TWO - THE SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE  Vocabulary Define:

heavy industry - the manufacture of machines and equipment for factories and mines

conform - to be obedient or compliant

de-Stalinization - the process of eliminating Stalin’s more ruthless policies

symbol - something that stands for something else by reason of relationship, association, or conventions; a visible sign of something invisibile People Identify:

Alexander Solzhenitsyn (December 11, 1918 – August 3, 2008)

Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn was a Soviet and Russian novelist, dramatist, and historian. Through his writings he helped to make the world aware of the Gulag, the Soviet Union's forced labor camp system – particularly The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, two of his best-known works. Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970. He was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974 and returned to Russia in 1994. Solzhenitsyn was the father of Ignat Solzhenitsyn, a conductor and pianist.

Tito (May 7 or 25, 1892 – May 4, 1980)

Josip Broz Tito (born Josip Broz) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman. He was Secretary-General (later President) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–80), and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Yugoslav Partisans (1941–45). After the war, he was the authoritarian Prime Minister (1943–63) and later President (1953–80) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). From 1943 to his death in 1980, he held the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). Tito was the chief architect of the "second Yugoslavia", a socialist federation that lasted from World War II until 1991. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, he was also the first (and the only successful) Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony. A backer of independent roads to socialism (sometimes referred to as "national communism" or "Titoism"), he was one of the main founders and promoters of the Non-Aligned Movement, and its first Secretary-General. As such, he supported the policy of nonalignment between the two hostile blocs in the Cold War. Yugoslavian politician who led the resistance to Nazi occupation during World War II, established independence from the USSR (1948), and as president (1953-1980) pursued a national Communism that stressed neutrality in foreign affairs.

Imre Nagy (June 7, 1896 – June 16, 1958)

Imre Nagy was a Hungarian politician, appointed Prime Minister of Hungary on two occasions. Nagy's second term ended when his non-Soviet- backed government was brought down by Soviet invasion in the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1956, resulting in Nagy's execution on charges of treason two years later.

Alexander Dubcek (November 27, 1921 – November 7, 1992) Alexander Dubček was a Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968–1969), famous for his attempt to reform the Communist regime (Prague Spring). Later, after the overthrow of the authoritarian government in 1989, he was Chairman of the federal Czecho-Slovak parliament.

Summarizing Information: Identify how the Soviet Union carried out Communist policies.

After World War II, six countries in Eastern Europe became Soviet satellite states. Identify these six countries. There were seven not six.

The People's Republic of Albania The People's Republic of Bulgaria The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic The German Democratic Republic The People's Republic of Poland The Socialist Republic of Romania The People's Republic of Hungary

QUESTIONS

**Use a table to identify the policies of Stalin and those of Khrushchev.** PART THREE - WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA  Vocabulary Define:
 * How did the emphasis on heavy industry affe****ct the Soviet people?**Consumer goods became high in demand, as everything was becoming heavy industry and the people needed things that come from light industries.
 * Why were Albania and Yugoslavia able to remain free of Soviet control?**Due to the Warsaw pact.

welfare state - a social system based on the assumption by a political state of primary responsibility for the individual and social welfare of its citizens; a nation or state characterized by the operation of the welfare state system

role - a character assigned or assumed; a socially expected behavior pattern usually determined by an individual's status in a particular society; a part played by an actor or singer; a function or part performed especially in a particular operation or process

bloc - a temporary combination of parties in a legislative assembly; a group of legislators who act together for some common purpose irrespective of party lines; a combination of persons, groups, or nations forming a unit with a common interest or purpose; a group of nations united by treaty or agreement for mutual support or joint action

real wages - the actual purchasing power of income

civil rights movement - equal rights movement from African Americans beginning in 1954 The national effort made by black people and their supporters in the 1950s and 1960s to eliminate segregation and gain equal rights. The first large episode in the movement, a boycott of the city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, was touched off by the refusal of one black woman, Rosa Parks, to give up her seat on a bus to a white person. A number of sit-ins and similar demonstrations followed. A high point of the civil rights movement was a rally by hundreds of thousands in Washington, D.C., in 1963, at which a leader of the movement, Martin Luther King, Jr., gave his “I have a dream” speech. The federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed after large demonstrations in Selma, Alabama, which drew some violent responses. The Fair Housing Act, prohibiting discrimination by race in housing, was passed in 1968.

consumer society - a society that is preoccupied with buying goods, not producing one a community in which the buying and selling of mass-produced goods and services is promoted through mass media and is the dominant economic activity

women’s liberation movement (Feminism) - late 1960’s equal rights movement for women. Feminism refers to political, cultural, and economic movements aimed at establishing greater rights and legal protections for women.

publish - to make the work of an author public in the form of a block or novel. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of literature or information – the activity of making information available for public view. In some cases authors may be their own publishers, meaning: originators and developers of content also provide media to deliver and display the content.

People and Events Identify:

Charles de Gaulle (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963)

A French political leader and general of the twentieth century. De Gaulle headed the Free French Resistance to the Nazis in World War II and served briefly as president of France after the Nazis were driven out. He was called back as president in the 1950s under a new constitution that he himself specified. In office, he solved the crisis over Algeria that was dividing the country. He also made aggressive moves to strengthen France's international position, such as acquiring nuclear weapons. De Gaulle was known for his grand and imperious manner.

European Economic Community

An economic organization established in 1957 to reduce tariff barriers and promote trade among the countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and West Germany. These countries became the original members of the European Community in 1965.

John F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963)

A Democratic party political leader of the twentieth century; he was president from 1961 to 1963. His election began a period of great optimism in the United States. In his inaugural address, he challenged the nation, “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” Kennedy brought the United States out of the Cuban missile crisis and negotiated the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 with Britain and the Soviet Union. But he was also responsible for the disastrous attempt to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. Kennedy's domestic policies were called the New Frontier; he strongly supported space exploration and the civil rights movement. His presidency ended with his assassination on November 22, 1963, apparently by Lee Harvey Oswald, who allegedly shot Kennedy as the president rode in an open car through Dallas. Kennedy's death was mourned throughout the world.

Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 9, 1908 – April 14, 1986)

American cleric whose eloquence and commitment to nonviolent tactics formed the foundation of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Among the many peaceful demonstrations he led was the 1963 March on Washington, at which he delivered his "I have a dream" speech. He won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, four years before he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.

Simone de Beauvoir (January 9, 1908 – April 14, 1986)

She was a French writer, existentialist philosopher, feminist, Marxist, Maoist and social theorist. She wrote novels, monographs on philosophy, politics, and social issues, essays, biographies, and an autobiography in several volumes. She is now best known for her metaphysical novels, including She Came to Stay and The Mandarins, and for her 1949 treatise The Second Sex, a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism. She is also noted for her lifelong polyamorous relationship with Jean-Paul Sartre. Organizing your thoughts:

Gunfire breaks up an antiwar protest at Kent State University, Ohio, in 1970. Today, a memorial inscribed “Inquire, Learn, Reflect” marks the site where four students were killed by the National Guard. What message or lesson is conveyed to you by the events at Kent State?

QUESTIONS

Explain why many British colonies gained their independence after World War II.

identify factors lead- ing to the emergence of the postwar women’s liberation movement.

In the late 1950s, six countries in Western Europe created the European Economic

Community, also known as the Common Market. Identify the six original members of the Common Market.

How did the British Empire come to an end?

What were some of the important events in the civil rights movement from 1954 to 1965? (Create a time line in TIMETOAST for extra credit)

How did women’s roles change during and after World War II

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