greeks

=**Define the Following Terms**=

plebeian: Senate: Christianity: Catholic Church:a visible society of baptized Christians professing the same faith
 * 1) republic:a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote
 * 2) patrician:
 * < a person of noble or high rank ||
 * < a person of noble or high rank ||
 * < belonging or pertaining to the common people ||
 * < an assembly or council of citizens having the highest deliberative functions in a government ||
 * < the Christian religion, including the Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox churches. ||

List three reasons that Christianity was able to attract so many followers.

=**Answer the following questions**=
 * 1) How did the Twelve Tables differ from the Law of Nations?
 * 2) **What were some of the** administrative **achievements of the Roman Empire?**
 * 3) What attracted people to Christianity?

=** STOP - Assist others as necessary **= =** STOP - Assist others as necessary **=

The World of Islam In the seventh century A.D., a new empire was being built in the Arabian Peninsula by followers of Islam. The religion of Islam spread through a prophet named Muhammad. Muhammad was disturbed by surrounding social problems and spent his days praying and meditating. Muslims believe that a voice from God spoke to Muhammad, and these words are recorded in the Quran, the sacred book of Islam. Within a few decades of Muhammad’s death, Islam had united the Middle East and created an Arab empire that stretched from Spain to the Indus valley. Islamic beliefs had a powerful impact in areas occupied by Arab armies, but the Arab Empire did not last. However, the appeal of Islam remained strong. Islam and Christianity shared many values. Muslims felt that, following Judaism and Christianity, Islam was the final stage in God’s plan. These religious traditions all granted the highest priority on God’s will and on the individual’s relationship to God.

European Civilization in the Middle Ages In 800, with the crowning of Charlemagne, a new civilization was formed. It brought together three major elements: the Roman legacy, the traditions of Germanic peoples, and the Christian Church. After 800, Europe became the center of the Western world. The years from 500 to 1500 are called the Middle Ages, because it was a transition time between the ancient and modern worlds. After Charlemagne died, centralized control of the empire weakened. The political system which replaced it, feudalism, put power into the hands of lords and nobles. The Catholic Church had a great deal of power at this time. However, as kings gradually began to extend their powers, they fought the pope to gain total control in their kingdoms.

England in the High Middle Ages On October 14, 1066, William of Normandy was crowned King of England and began a rule that combined Anglo-Saxon and Norman govern- ments. In the twelfth century, the power of the English monarchy was expanded by Henry II. He strengthened the royal courts and delivered royal justice throughout the land. This led to the formation of a body of common law, which replaced local law codes that varied from place to place.In 1215, King John was forced to put his seal on the Magna Carta, or the Great Charter. The purpose of this document was to confer more rights on nobles. In later centuries, the Magna Carta was used to limit the monarch’s power. The principles of English common law and the Magna Carta were later adopted by the American colonies.One of the most important institutions in the Western tradition is a Parliament––a representative body of advisers to a king or other chief exec- utive. At first, parliament referred to members of the king’s Great Council, but later it included local lords as well. The king would turn to lords in counties and towns when he needed money. Two knights from every county and two residents from each town met with the Great Council to consent to new taxes. This group held their first official meeting in 1295. Parliament was composed of two houses. Nobles and church lords made up the House of Lords; knights and townspeople formed the House of Commons. The laws of England were determined by the king and Parliament together.

Europe in the High and Late Middle Ages The High Middle Ages lasted from about 1000 to 1300 and represents the peak of medieval culture and politics. Kingdoms throughout Europe grew rapidly, and strong leadership by the popes contributed to the strength of Europe at this time. Monasteries spread across Europe, and Gothic churches were built. Universities flourished. All this changed in the Late Middle Ages (1300 to the early 1400s). Several disasters, including the plague, a decline in commerce, warfare, political instability, and the decline of the church, contributed to the weakening of Europe.

The Renaissance and Reformation Between 1350 and 1550, Europe experienced a rebirth of culture, called the Renaissance. Intellectuals and artists during this time proclaimed a new vision of the world and stressed greater importance on the value of the individual. The high regard for human worth created a new optimism. Leonardo da Vinci was a symbol of this time, and is an example of the “Renaissance man.” The Renaissance had an important impact on contemporary Western art and intel- lect. The Reformation began in 1520 when Martin Luther protested what he saw as corrupt practices in the Catholic Church. Because of the Reformation, Europe was dividing into two major faiths: Catholicism and Protestantism. European nations warred with one another over religion. They also used religion as a means of increasing state power. =**Define the Following Terms**=


 * 1) Islam:the religious faith of Muslims, based on the words and religious system
 * 2) feudalism:A political and economic system of Europe from the 9th to about the 15th century, based on the holding of all land in fief and landowners
 * 3) common law:the system of law originating in England, as distinct from the civil or Roman law and the canon or ecclesiastical law
 * 4) Magna Carta:he “great charter” of English liberties, forced from King John by the English barons the first time people made a relationsip with the king.

=**Answer the following questions**=


 * 1) How did Islam help to unite the regions of the Middle East? they united and created a arab empire that extened to spain and the indus valley and relig
 * 2) What system replaced centralized power in Europe in the Middle Ages? the feudalism
 * 3) What was the benefit of instituting the common law? beinfits an institute it get rid of regional rules
 * 4) What were some of the developments of the High Middle Ages? gothic churches and universities
 * 5) What was the effect of the Reformation on religious life in Europe? the church was split into two catholics and prodistants

=** HONORS UPGRADE - Write :COMPARE AND CONTRAST the concepts of "mandate of heaven" and "divine Kingship" **=

[|Christianity]